Abstract

Environmental crime is a multidimensional threat to human health, biodiversity and economic sustainability, and faces a central challenge between the requirements of legislation and the challenges of implementation. At the international level, international environmental law has established general mechanisms and standards through conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and protocols related to climate change and hazardous waste, which imposes an international obligation on member states to adopt preventive and injunctive measures. National legislation plays the role of a bridge between international standards and the reality of domestic protection, and this requires clear laws to define the acts that make up environmental crime, and determine administrative and criminal penalties and responsibilities. The executive branch is responsible for prevention through effective control policies, and the strengthening of inspection bodies and administrative mechanisms. The judiciary has a crucial role to play in translating texts into practical protection through fair trials and applying deterrent sanctions. The combined role of the legislator in modernising the rules, the executive branch by strengthening mechanisms, and the judiciary by strictly enforcing the law is the only guarantee of deterring environmental crimes, achieving effective compensation and repairing damage to the environment.

Keywords

Environmental Crime – International Environmental Law – National Legislation – Executive Authority – Judicial Role – Deterrent Sanctions.